Litaba
The likokoana-hloko Ke limolek'hule tse teng ho libopuoa tsohle tse phelang. Ho ka boleloa hore li-biomolecule li etsa tsohle tse phelang ho sa tsotelehe boholo ba eona.
Molek'hule ka 'ngoe (e etsang biomolecule) e entsoe ka liathomo. Tsena li bitsoa bioelements. Bioelement ka 'ngoe e ka etsoa ka k'habone, haedrojene, oksijene, naetrojene, sebabole le bapisa. Biomolecule e ngoe le e ngoe e tla etsoa ka tse ling tsa li-bioelements.
Mosebetsi
Mosebetsi oa mantlha oa li-biomolecule ke ho "ba karolo ea karolo" ea libopuoa tsohle tse phelang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng tsena li tlameha ho theha sebopeho sa sele. Mohlomong li-biomolecule li tlameha ho etsa ts'ebetso e 'ngoe ea bohlokoa bo bohlokoa bakeng sa sele.
Mefuta ea biomolecule
Li-biomolecule li ka aroloa ka li-biomolecule tse sa tloaelehang tse kang Metsi, Letsoai la matsoai le likhase, ha li-biomolecule tsa manyolo li arotsoe ho ea ka motswako oa tsona oa limolek'hule le mesebetsi e ikhethileng.
Hona le mefuta e 4 ea biomolecule ea manyolo:
Likhabohaedreite. Sele e hloka lik'habohaedreite kaha li fana ka mohloli o moholo oa matla. Tsena li entsoe ka 3 bioelements: K'habone, Haedrojene le Oxyjene. Ho ea ka motsoako oa limolek'hule tsena, lik'habohaedreite e ka ba:
- Monosaccharides. Li na le molek'hule e le 'ngoe feela ho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe. Ka har'a sehlopha sena ho na le litholoana. Glucose le eona ke monosaccharide mme e teng maling a libopuoa.
- Dischcharides. Kopano ea likhabohaedreite tse peli tsa monosaccharide e tla theha disaccharide. Mohlala oa sena ke sucrose e fumanoang tsoekere le lactose.
- Polysaccharides. Ha li-monosaccharide tse tharo kapa ho feta li kopanngoa li tla fella ka bihydolecule ea carbohydrate polysaccharide. Tse ling tsa tsona ke starch (e fumanoang ka litapole) le glycogen (e fumanoang 'meleng oa libopuoa, haholo mesifa le setho sa sebete).
Bona hape: Mehlala ea Monosaccharides, Disaccharides le Polysaccharides
Lipids. Li theha lisele tsa sele mme li boloka matla bakeng sa mmele. Ka linako tse ling tsena e ka ba livithamini kapa lihormone. Li entsoe ka asiti e mafura le joala. Le tsona li na le liketane tse pharalletseng tsa liathomo tsa k'habone le haedrojene. Li ka qhibiliha feela linthong tse kang joala kapa ether. Ka hona, ho ke ke ha khoneha ho li qhala ka metsing. Li ka aroloa ho ea ka ts'ebetso ea tsona ka har'a lihlopha tse 4.
- Lipids tse nang le matla a sebetsang. Li ka sebopehong sa mafura. Ke lisele tsa adipose tseo libopuoa tse ngata li nang le tsona tlasa letlalo. Lepid ena e hlahisa lera le sireletsang le sireletsang mochesong. E boetse e teng makhasi a limela, e li thibela ho omella habonolo.
- Lipids tse nang le ts'ebetso ea sebopeho. Ke phospholipids (li na le limolek'hule tsa phosphorus) 'me li etsa lera la lisele.
- Lipids tse nang le ts'ebetso ea li-hormone. Tsena li boetse li bitsoa "li-steroids”. Mohlala: lihomone thobalano ya batho.
- Lipids tse nang le vithamine. Lipids tsena li fana ka lintho bakeng sa kholo e nepahetseng ea libopuoa. Tse ling tsa tsona ke vithamine A, D, le K.
Bona hape: Mehlala ea Lipids
Liprotheine. Ke li-biomolecule tse phethang mesebetsi e fapaneng 'meleng. Li entsoe ka limolek'hule tsa k'habone, oksijene, haedrojene le naetrojene.
Liprotheine tsena li na le tsona li-amino acid. Ho na le mefuta e 20 e fapaneng ea li-amino acid. Motsoako oa li-amino acid tsena o tla fella ka liprotheine tse fapaneng. Leha ho le joalo (mme ha ba fuoa mefuta e mengata) ba ka aroloa ka lihlopha tse kholo tse 5:
- Liprotheine tsa sebopeho. Ke karolo ea 'mele ea libopuoa tsohle tse phelang. Mohlala oa sehlopha sena sa liprotheine ke keratin.
- Liprotheine tsa Hormonal. Ba laola mesebetsi e meng ea 'mele. Mohlala oa sehlopha sena ke insulin, e nang le ts'ebetso ea ho laola ho kenella ha tsoekere ka seleng.
- Liprotheine tsa ts'ireletso. Li sebetsa e le tšireletso ea 'mele. Ka mantsoe a mang, ba ikarabella bakeng sa ho hlasela le ho sireletsa 'mele ho likokoana-hloko, libaktheria kapa livaerase. Tsena li na le lebitso la lithibela-mafu. Mohlala: lisele tse tšoeu tsa mali.
- Liprotheine tsa lipalangoang. Joalokaha lebitso la bona le bontša, ba ikarabella bakeng sa ho tsamaisa lintho kapa limolek'hule ka mali. Mohlala: hemoglobin.
- Liprotheine tsa liketso tsa enzymatic. Li potlakisa ho ts'oaroa ha limatlafatsi ke litho tse fapaneng tsa 'mele. Mohlala oa sena ke amylase e silang tsoekere ho e lumella hore e tšoane hantle le 'mele.
Bona hape: Liprotheine Mehlala
Li-acid tsa nyutlelie. Ke liasiti tse tlamehang ho etsa mesebetsi ea tsona e ka sehloohong ho laola mesebetsi ea sele. Empa mosebetsi o ka sehloohong ke ho fetisa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho tloha molokong o mong ho ea ho o mong. Liasiti tsena li entsoe ka limolek'hule tsa k'habone, haedrojene, oksijene, naetrojene le bapisa. Tsena li arotsoe ka lihlopha tse bitsoang li-nucleotide.
Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea li-acid tsa nucleic:
- DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid
- RNA: ribonucleic acid
Likhabohaedreite
Li-carbohydrate tsa Monosaccharide
- Aldosa
- Ketose
- Tlotlisang
- Fructose
- Galactose
- Tsoekere
Disaccharide lik'habohaedreite
- Cellobiose
- Isomalt
- Lactose kapa tsoekere ea lebese
- Maltose kapa tsoekere ea 'mela
- Sucrose kapa tsoekere ea 'moba le li-beet
Li-carbohydrate tsa Polysaccharide
- Hyaluronic acid
- Agarose
- Setala
- Amylopectin: branched starch
- Amylose
- Cellulose
- Dermatan sulfate
- Fructosan
- Glycogen
- Paramilon
- Li-pepidoglycans
- Li-Proteoglycans
- Keratin sulfate
- Chitin
- Xylan
Lipids
- Avocado (mafura a sa silafatsoang)
- Peanut (mafura a sa silafatsoang)
- Nama ea kolobe (mafura a mangata)
- Ham (mafura a mangata)
- Lebese (Mafura a khotsofatsang)
- Linate (mafura a sa silafatsoang)
- Olive (mafura a sa koaeloang)
- Litlhapi (mafura a polyunsaturated)
- Cheese (mafura a mangata)
- Peo ea Canola (Mafura a sa Tšepahaleng)
- Bacon (Mafura a Khotsofetseng)
Liprotheine
Liprotheine tsa sebopeho
- Collagen (lisele tse sebetsang hantle)
- Li-glycoprotein (ke karolo ea lisele tsa sele)
- Elastin (lisele tse sebetsang hantle)
- Keratin kapa keratin (epidermis)
- Histones (li-chromosome)
Liprotheine tsa Hormonal
- Calcitonin
- Glucagon
- Hormone ea kholo
- Insulin ea Hormonal
- Mabotho a Hormone
Liprotheine tsa ts'ireletso
- Immunoglobulin
- Thrombin le fibrinogen
Liprotheine tsa lipalangoang
- Li-cytochromes
- Hemocyanin
- Hemoglobin
Liprotheine tsa liketso tsa enzymatic
- Gliadin, ea lijo-thollo tsa koro
- Lactalbumin, ho tloha lebese
- Sebaka sa Ovalbumin, ho tloha bosoeu ba lehe
Li-acid tsa nyutlelie
- DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
- Messenger RNA (ribonucleic acid)
- Ribosomal RNA
- RNA ea maiketsetso
- Fetisetsa RNA
- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
- ADP (adenosine diphosphate)
- AMP (adenosine monophosphate)
- GTP (guanosine triphosphate)
