Litaba
The mafura ke bao tšimoloho ea bona e leng boholo ba lintho tse entsoeng ka tlhaho (biomass) tse hlahisitsoeng lilemong tse limilione tse fetileng mme tsa patoa karolong e ka hare ea mobu o tlase, moo khatello, mocheso le lits'ebetso tse ling tsa lik'hemik'hale li ileng tsa e beha ts'ebetsong e tebileng ea phetoho eo litholoana tsa eona e leng, hantle, lintho tsa matla a mangata haholo.
Ba ka u sebeletsa:
- Mehlala ea Li-hydrocarbon
- Mehlala ea Lisebelisoa tse Ntjhafatsoang
- Mehlala ea Lisebelisoa tse sa Nchafatsoeng
- Mehlala ea Mathata a Tikoloho
Mafura ke mehloli ea matla E ke keng ea nchafatsoa, kaha hajoale li jeoa ka lebelo le phahameng haholo ho feta kamoo li entseng.
Boholo ba matla a sebelisoang lefats'eng kajeno a tsoa ho cheleng ha mefuta ena ea lisebelisoa, ho hlahisa motlakase le fepa liindasteri lik'hemik'hale, joalo ka likoloi tse phatlalatsang, likamore tsa mabone, ho pheha kapa ho futhumatsa matlo.
Ts'ebeliso e joalo ea lefats'e e bakoa ke ntho e batlang e le bonolo ho e ntša, mehloli e mengata ea lefatše e seng e ntse e le teng le litšenyehelo tsa moruo le theknoloji e bonolo, ha li bapisoa le mefuta e meng e tsoetseng pele kapa e se nang phaello ea matla.
Leha ho le joalo, ho tuka ha mafura ho hlahisa likhase tse chefo ka bongata (carbon monoxide, likhase tse nang le sebabole, li-carcinogen, jj.) Mme ke o mong oa mehloli ea mantlha ea tšenyo ea tikoloho le phetoho ea maemo a leholimo lekholong la bo21 la lilemo.
Ho na le mafura a mane a tsebahalang:
Mashala
Diminerale ena ke litholoana tsa sedimentation ea semela sa pele ho nalane (Ho hakanngoa hore nako ea Carboniferous, lilemo tse ka bang limilione tse 300 tse fetileng) libakeng tse tlase tsa oksijene le khatello e phahameng le mocheso.
Ts'ebetso e joalo ea diminerale Ka ho ruisa khabone, e hlahisa lintho tse tiileng tse nang le coefficient e matla ea matla, e sebelisoang haholo tlhahiso ea matla le indastering ea lisebelisoa (li-plastiki, oli, lidae, jj.).
Ho na le mefuta e mene e meholo ea mashala: peat, lignite, mashala le anthracite, tse hlophisitsoeng mona ho tloha tlase ho isa ho tse phahameng ka ho fetisisa tsa khabone. Taba ena e nkile karolo ea bohlokoa ho Phetohelo ea Liindasteri le nts'etsopele ea mahlale a mouoane, ho fihlela e fallisoa ke oli. Mehloli e meholohali ea mashala e Amerika, Russia le China.
Khase ea tlhaho
Ke motsoako o bobebe oa li-hydrocarbon gaseous, e ntšitsoeng ho li-depositi tse ikemetseng (mahala) kapa ho li-depositi tsa oli kapa mashala (tse amanang).
Maemong ana ka bobeli, e hlahisoa ke ho bola ha anaerobic (ntle le boteng ba oksijene) ea lintho tse phelang 'me ke e ka aroloa ka likarolo tsa eona tsa mantlha le tse ka sebelisoang, joalo ka methane (ho feta 90% ea litaba tsa eona, ka kakaretso), ethane (ho fihlela 11%), propane (ho fihlela 3.7%), butane (e ka tlase ho 0,7%), hammoho le nitrogen le carbon dioxide, hara tse ling tse kenang. likhase, mesaletsa ea sebabole le litšila.
The mehloli e meholo ea khase ea tlhaho lefats'eng li fumaneha Middle East (ho fihlela ho 43% ea lefats'e ka bophara, haholo-holo Iran le Qatar), hape e le mafura a tenyetsehang joalo ebile a silafatsa hanyane ho feta mafura a mang (mesi e tlase ea CO22), E sebelisoa ka bongata joalo ka mohloli oa matla (haholo-holo Khase ea Tlhaho e Patiloeng le Khase ea Tlhaho e Metsi) hape e le mohloli oa lik'halori, malapeng le indastering le lipalangoang.
Khase ea peterole e nang le metsi
LPG ke motsoako oa propane le butane, o fumanehang ka khase ea tlhaho kapa o qhibilihisitsoeng ka oli e sa tsoakoang, e nang le semelo sa e ka qhibidihang habonolo (e fetohile mokelikeli).
Ke lihlahisoa tse tsoang khafetsa tsa oli ea peterole, e sebelisoang haholo joalo ka mafura a lapeng, ka lebaka la bokhoni ba eona ba khalori le polokeho e lekanyelitsoeng, le ho fumana li-olefin (mahlatsebakeng sa indasteri ea polasetiki.
Petroliamo
Mokelikeli ona o mafura, o lefifi ebile o le letso-letso ke motsoako oa li-hydrocarbon tse rarahaneng tse sa keneng ka metsing (parafini, naphthenes le aromatics), e entsoeng ka matamong a botebo bo fapaneng (lipakeng tsa limithara tse 600 ho isa ho tse 5 000) likarolong tse ka tlase tsa mobu.
Joalo ka libeso tse ling tsa khale, ke sehlahisoa sa pokello ya dintho tse phelang (zooplankton le algae haholo-holo) botebong ba matša le maoatleng a mehleng ea khale, 'me hamorao a patoa ka tlas'a likhatello le mocheso. Ka lebaka la bophahamo ba 'ona bo tlase le mafika a sedimentary, li-hydrocarbon tsena li nyolohela holimo kapa li qabeletsoe ka har'a pokello ea oli.
The Petroliamo E 'nile ea sebelisoa ho tloha mehleng ea khale ea batho e le mafura,' mala kapa mafura, empa e bile ho fihlela lekholo la bo19 la lilemo le Phetohelo ea Liindasteri ha ts'ebetso ea eona ea indasteri e sibolloa, e tsoela pele ho e sebelisa le ho e sebelisa ho hlahisa mafura (peterole, disele, parafini) bakeng sa tšebeliso ea likoloi kapa tsa motlakase, joalo ka lisebelisoa tse so ntlafatsoe indastering ea lik'hemik'hale le lisebelisoa.
Hajoale e emetse e 'ngoe ea likarolo tsa mantlha tsa indasteri le tsa lichelete mesebetsing ea moruo oa lefats'e, eo liphetoho tsa tlhahiso le papatso li khonang ho ama botsitso ba lefatše ba moruo oa motho.
Lethathamo la Lihlahisoa tsa peteroliamo e kholo haholo, ho tloha ho li-polyesters le li-plastiki ho isa ho likhase tse tukang le maro, solvents, pigment le etcetera e telele haholo.
Leha ho le joalo, ho ntšoa ha eona le ts'ebeliso ea eona e emela bothata bo tebileng ba tikoloho ka lebaka la ho hloka metsi ka metsing, e leng se etsang hore ho be thata ho e hloekisa maemong a ho qhalana, mme e fane ka tlhahiso e phahameng ea lintho tse chefo tse chesoang ke mollo oa eona: lead, carbon dioxide, monoxide of carbon, sulfur oxides, nitrous oxides le lintho tse ling tse kotsi bophelong le ho tikoloho ea tikoloho le polanete.
- Mehlala ea Li-hydrocarbon
- Mehlala ea Lisebelisoa tse Ntjhafatsoang
- Mehlala ea Lisebelisoa tse sa Nchafatsoeng
- Mehlala ea Likoluoa Tsa Tlhaho
- Mehlala ea Mathata a Tikoloho
