Litaba
Thelikarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale Ke lintho tse ke keng tsa fokotsoa kapa tsa senyeha hore e be lintho tse ling tse bonolo. Ka lebaka lena, ho ka thoe elemente ke eona feela taba e entsoeng ke liathomo ea sehlopha se tšoanang le se ikhethang.
Tlhaloso ea pele ea lik'hemik'hale e hlahisitsoe ke Lavoisier ho Tloaelo Élémentaire de Chimie, ka 1789. Morao koana lekholong la bo18 la lilemo, Lavoisier e ile ea arola lintho tse bonolo ka lihlopha tse 'ne:
- Lintho tsa 'mele;
- Lintho tse sa sebeliseng tšepe tse nang le oxidizable le acidifiable;
- Lintho tsa tšepe tse nang le oxidizable le acidifiable, le ...
- Lintho tse ka ntlafatsoang tsa lefats'e.
Tafole ea nako le nako ea likarolo
Kajeno Lik'hemik'hale tse 119 li tsejoa, tse arotsoeng ka kakaretso ea lihlopha tse 18 le linako tse 7. Lintho tsena kaofela li kopantsoe ka moralo o hlakileng o tsejoang e le Periodic Table of the Elements, eo qalong e neng e entsoe ke rakhemisi oa Russia Dimitri Mendeleyev ho 1869.
The lihlopha tse kholo tse ka fumanoang tafoleng ena ke lirafshoa tsa alkali, tšepe ea alkaline ea lefats'e, tšepe ea phetoho (e leng sehlopha se seholo ka ho fetisisa), tšepe ea kamora phetoho, li-metalloids, ha ho tšepe (Lintho tsa mantlha tsa bophelo li teng mona, joalo ka oksijene le naetrojene), halogen, Likhase tse ntle, 'me qetellong, ho na le lihlopha tse peli tse ikhethang tsa lirafshoa, li-lanthanides le li-actinide, tseo ka linako tse ling li bitsoang lefatše le sa tloaelehang (leha tse ling li le ngata).
Bongata ba likarolo tsena li na le li-isotopu tse nang le mahlaseli a kotsi. Lik'hemik'hale li na le litšobotsi tse ikhethang joalo ka ntlha ea ho belisa le ea kopanya, motlakase, segokanyipalo le radius ea ionic, har'a tse ling. Litšobotsi tsena li bohlokoa hobane li lumella ho noha boits'oaro ba eona, boikoetliso ba eona, jj.
Likarolo le data
Karolo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea lik'hemik'hale e bonahala e khetholloa ka likarolo tse 'maloa. Pele ho tsohle, its letšoao le akaretsang, e nang le tlhaku e le 'ngoe kapa tse peli (ka kopano, haeba ho na le litlhaku tse peli, ea pele e ngotsoe ka litlhaku tse kholo ebe e latelang e ngotsoe ka litlhaku tse nyane).
Holimo le ho le letšehali ho hlaha ka typeface su e nyanenomoro ea athomo, e leng eona e bonts'ang palo ea li-proton tse nang le element ena. Ebe file ea lebitso le felletseng la elemente mme ka tlasa mona ho bonts'a palo ea boima ba athomo ka ligrama ka mole.
Lintho tse fapaneng li na le mefuta e fapaneng ea athomo, 'me ha palo ea liprothone tse khubung ea khubu e eketseha, khahleho e hohelang ho lielektrone, ka hona, bophahamo ba modumo bo a fokotseha. Ha bophahamo ba athomo bo le nyane, lielektrone tse kaholimo ho leru li hoheloa haholo ke khubu, ka hona ha li inehele habonolo. Se fapaneng se etsahala ka likarolo tse nang le liatomic tse ngata: li tela lielektrone tsa tsona tsa kantle habonolo.
Mehlala ea likarolo tsa lik'hemik'hale
Lik'hemik'hale | Letšoao |
Actinium | Ac |
Aluminium | Ho ea |
Amerika | AM |
Antimony | Sb |
Argon | Ar |
Arsenic | Ace |
Astat | Ka |
Sebabole | S |
Barium | Ba |
Beryllium | Eba |
Berkelium | Bk |
Bismuth | Mofuta. Bi |
Bohrio | Bh |
Boron | B |
Bromine | Br |
Cadmium | CD |
K'halsiamo | AC |
Californium | Cf |
K'habone | C |
Cerium | EC |
Cesium | Cs |
Chlorine | Cl |
Cobalt | Khoebo |
Koporo | Cu |
Chrome | Kr |
Curium | Cm |
Darmstadio | Ds |
Dysprosium | Dy |
Dubnium | Db |
Einsteinium | Ho joalo |
Erbium | Ere |
Scandium | Sc |
Tin | Sn |
Matla | Monghali |
Europium | Eu |
Fermium | Fm |
Fluorine | F |
Bapisa | P |
Francius | Mong |
Gadolinium | Mohl |
Gallium | Ga |
Germanium | Ge |
Hafnium | Hf |
Hassio | Hs |
Helium | Ke na le |
Haedrojene | H |
Tšepe | Tumelo |
Holmium | Ho |
Moindia | Ka |
Iodine | Ke |
Iridium | Ho ea |
Khutso | Yb |
Yttrium | LE |
Krypton | Kr |
Lanthanum | The |
Lawrencio | Lr |
Lithium | Li |
Lutetium | Mon |
Magnesiamo | Mokha |
Manganese | Mong |
Meitnerius | Mt |
Mendelevium | Md |
Motsoako | Hg |
Molybdenum | Mo |
Neodymium | Na |
Neon Letsoalo | Ne |
Neptunium | Np |
Niobium | Nb |
Nikele | Ha ho joalo |
Naetrojene | N |
Nobelio | Che |
Khauta | Au |
Osmium | Uena |
Oxyjene | KAPA |
Palladium | P.S |
Silevera | Mohl |
Platinamo | Pt |
Etella pele | Litlhaku |
Plutonium | Pu |
Polonium | Po |
Potasiamo | K |
Praseodymium | Pr |
Prometius | Thapama |
Protactinium | Pa |
Seea-le-moea | Ra |
Radon | Rn |
Rhenium | Re |
Rhodium | Rh |
Rubidium | Rb |
Ruthenium | Ru |
Rutherfordio | Rf |
Samarium | Ho joalo |
Seaborgio | Sg |
Selenium | kea tseba |
Silica | Ho joalo |
Sodium | Na |
Thallium | Tl |
Tantalum | Ta |
Technetium | TC |
Tellurium | Tee |
Terbium | Tb |
Thaethaniamo | Uena |
Thorium | Th |
Thulium | Tm |
Ununbio | Uub |
Ununhex | Uuh |
Ununio | Uuu |
Ununoctium | Uuo |
Ununpentium | Phahamisa |
Ununquadio | Uuq |
Ununseptio | Uus |
Ununtrium | Uut |
Uraniamo | KAPA |
Vanadium | V |
Tungsten | W |
Xenon | Xe |
Zinki | Zn |
Zirconium | Mohl |
E ka u sebeletsa:
- Mehlala ea Lik'hemik'hale
- Mehlala ea Liketso tsa Lik'hemik'hale
- Mehlala ea Liketsahalo tsa K'hemik'hale
- Mehlala ea Lirafshoa le tseo e seng tsa tšepe