Litaba
The alkanes ke sehlopha sa li-hydrocarbon moo palo e fapaneng ea liathomo tsa khabone li kopantsoe hammoho ka litlamo tse le 'ngoe, joalo ka masapo,' me athomo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea khabone e hokahantsoe le eona liathomo tsa haedrojene, eo qetellong e ka nkeloang sebaka ke tse ling liathomo kapa lihlopha tsa lik'hemik'hale.
Tsela ea limolek'hule tsa alkanes ke CnH2n + 2, moo C e emelang khabone, H e emetse hydrogen mme n e emela palo ea liathomo tsa khabone. Li-alkane li na le li-hydrocarbon tse ngata. Ho li reha, sehlomathiso “-e selemo”.
E ka u sebeletsa:
- Mehlala ea Alkynes
- Mehlala ea Alkenes
Kemiso
Ka har'a alkane, hangata lihlopha tse peli tse kholo li tsejoa ka phapang ea bohlokoa lipakeng tsa tsona: ketane e butsoeng (eo hape e bitsoang acyclic) le koaloa ketane (kapa cyclical).
Ha metsoako ea ketane e bulehileng e sa hlahise phetoho efe kapa efe ea li-hydrogen tse tsamaeang le athomo e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea khabone, li ea bitsoa li-alkanes tse lekanang: tsena ke li-alkanes tse bonolo ka ho fetisisa. Ha ba hlahisa tse ling, ba bitsoa alkanes ea makala. Li-substitute tse atileng haholo ke lihlopha tsa hydroxyl le methyl le li-halogen.
Ka lehlakoreng le leng, ho na le metsoako e nang le potoloho e le 'ngoe molek'huleng' me tse ling li na le tse 'maloa; li bitsoa monocyclic le polycyclic, ka ho latellana. Li-alkanes tsa cyclic li ka ba joalo homocyclic kapa heterocyclic.
- Tsa pele li entsoe ka ho kenella ho ikhethileng ha liathomo tsa khabone.
- Nakong ea morao tjena, liathomo tse ling li nka karolo, mohlala, oksijene kapa sebabole.
Thepa ea 'mele
Ka kakaretso, thepa ea alkanes e behiloe ke boima ba limolek'hule (le eona e hokahantsoe le bolelele). Ba nang le palo e tlase haholo ea li-carbone ba khase thempereichara ea kamore, tse tsoang ho liathomo tsa khabone tse 5 ho isa ho tse 18 li joalo maro, mme kaholimo ho palo ena ke tiile (e ts'oanang le boka).
Ho ba e teteaneng hofeta metsi, ba tloaetse ho phaphamala ka holim'a eona. Ka kakaretso, li-alkanes ha li qhibilihe ka metsing 'me li qhibiliha ka har'a lihlahisoa tsa manyolo. Ba hlahisa matla a phahameng a ts'ebetso.
The alkanes li khetholloa ka ho ba metsoako ea lik'hemik'hale haholoho se sebetse hantle, ke ka hona ba tsejoang hape e le "parafini" (ka Selatine, parum affinis e bolela "kamano e tlase"). Karabelo ea bohlokoahali eo li-alkanes li ka bang le eona ke ho tuka, e fehlang mocheso, carbon dioxide le metsi boteng ba oksijene.
Li-alkane ke motheo oa liphetoho tse fapaneng tse amanang le lits'ebetso tsa bohlokoa tsa indasteri, e le mafura a setso. Li boetse li hlaha e le lihlahisoa tsa ho qetela tsa lits'ebetso tsa bioloji tse kang belisoa ea methanogenic e etsoang ke ba bang likokoana-hloko.
Mehlala ea li-alkanes
Re tla bua ka li-alkane tse mashome a mabeli, ho kenyeletsoa tse ling tse tsebahalang tsa linear le tsa makala, ho ea qetellong ea lenane:
- Chloroform (lebitso le majabajaba la trichloromethane; CHCl3) - mouoane oa ntho ena o ne o sebelisoa e le moriana o thethefatsang pelo nakong e fetileng. E emisitsoe molemong ona hobane e fumanoe e senya litho tsa bohlokoa, joalo ka sebete kapa liphio. Tšebeliso ea eona kajeno e hlile e le solvent kapa setsidifatsi.
- Methane (CH4) - ena ke alkane e bonolo ho feta tsohle: e entsoe ka athomo e le 'ngoe feela ea khabone le haedrojene e' ne. Ke khase e hlahang ka tlhaho ka ho bola ha likarolo tse fapaneng tsa manyolo, mme ke karolo ea mantlha ea khase ea tlhaho. Mehleng ea morao tjena e amohetsoe e le e 'ngoe ea likhase tse tlatsetsang haholo ho seo ho thoeng ke phello ea sethopo.
- Octane (C8H18) - ena ke albon-alkane e robeli 'me e bohlokoa haholo kaha e khetha boleng ba ho qetela ba naphthas, e leng motsoako oa li-hydrocarbon tse fapaneng. Boleng bona bo lekanyetsoa ke nomoro ea octane kapa octane ea mafura, e nkang e le tšupiso e nang le "detonating" e tlase (index 100) le e phumulang haholo (index 0).
- Hexane (C6H14) - ke motsoako o bohlokoa, ho hema ho lokela ho qojoa hobane ho chefo haholo.
- Butane (C4H10) - hammoho le propane (C.3H8), ba etsa seo ho thoeng ke liquefied petroleum gases (LPG), tse entsoeng ka mekotla ea khase nakong ea ts'ebetso ea oli. Phetolo ea peterole kapa disele ke LPG joalo ka peterole e ntse e khothaletsoa le ho feta, hobane ke hydrocarbon e bolokang tikoloho haholo ka ho ntša feela carbon dioxide le metsi ha li tuka.
- Icosano - ke sona se bitsoang al-carbon alkane e mashome a mabeli (lebitso la pele 'ico' le bolela mashome a mabeli)
- Cyclopropane - e neng e sebelisoa e le moriana o thethefatsang kutlo
- n heptane - Alkane ena ke e nkuoeng e le tšupiso ea ntlha ea zero ea peterole ea peterole, e ka bang e sa rateheng haholo, kaha e chesa haholo. E fumanoa ho tsoa lehoakhoeng la limela tse ling.
- 3-ethyl-2,3-dimethylpentane (C9H20)
- 2-methylbutane
- 3-chloro-4-n-propylheptane
- 3,4,6-trimethyl heptane
- 1-phenyl 1-bromoethane
- 3-ethyl-4-methylhexane
- 5-isopropyl-3-methylnonane
- bicyclopropane
- 1-bromopropane
- 3-methyl-5-n-propyloctane
- EA-5-n-butyl-4,7-diethyldecane
- 3,3-dimethyl decane
E ka u sebeletsa:Mehlala ea Li-hydrocarbon
